“I take this opportunity to present to you one of the golden chapters of the human race that has challenged death. In the beginning, the virus threatened mankind several times, but at that time, thanks to the efforts of scientists and the blessings of nature, it was possible to defeat the virus and keep the human race afloat. But many years ago, humans were able to conduct experiments and gain experience on how to deal with such viral flu, based on the experience gained by humans in those times. Meanwhile, if the Covid 19 virus, which challenged humans in 2019, had a major impact on humans in 2019, the world is still defeating the virus today. The uniqueness of mankind is that when a challenger comes to him, he recognizes that challenger and eliminates that race completely. It is with great pleasure that I tell you that although many variants of the virus have changed over the years, man-made vaccines have been able to defeat them. In this research report I am presenting to you, I would like to present to you an experimental information about the man who took the man to prevent the virus from having any effect on it.”
- CHARITH AKLANSS -
CONTENT
1. HISTORY OF COVID
2. Structure of Covid – 19 Virus.
3. Type of Tests
I. Rapid Antigen
II. PCR
4. Vaccines designed against the virus.
i.Moderna vaccine
ii.Astrazeneca vaccine
iii.Pfizer vaccine
HISTORY OF COVID
On January 9 this year, the Chinese state that a team of researchers led by had identified a new coronavirus as the causative agent behind the mysterious spread of pneumonia in Wuhan. Although the virus was soon renamed 2019-nCoV and later SARS-CoV-2, it is more commonly known as the coronavirus. That moniker has been catapulted into the globular sphere of public attention, and it is somewhat misleading: it is not just one of the many coronary viruses out there, but you infected this family member long before SARS-CoV-2 was born. End of 2019.
Coronaviruses derive their name from unique spikes with rounded tips that adorn the earth, reminding virologists yin that the appearance of the sun's atmosphere is called the crown. Although various coronary viruses infect many species, the first human coronary viruses were not discovered until the mid-1960s. The virus causes common cold symptoms such as sore throat, cough and runny nose and seems to be very common; One initial study estimated that 3% of respiratory illnesses in an orphanage in Georgia in the 1960s were caused by a 1986 study of children and adults in northern Italy that found a subject to be rare. The virus had no antibodies.
About 10 percent of people infected with SARS-CoV die. It is 774 worldwide. It is not yet clear where SARS-CoV came from, but later similar viruses were found in bats, and some studies have shown that the virus can reach humans through an intermediary such as syphilis. SARS is a wake-up call that puts the coronary virus at greater risk than people thought, and that a virus that spreads to newer humans will be more deadly than its human-adapted siblings. Until the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the human coronary viruses that made the news contain far more deadly and much more than their cold counterparts. No SARS patients have been diagnosed since 2004, and the World Health Organization says it has confirmed less than 2,500 confirmed cases of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which was first detected in a patient in Saudi Arabia in 2012. It kills about 35 percent of confirmed diagnoses. SARS-CoV-2, as its name implies, is closely linked to SARS-CoV, which appears to be more transmissible, and its mortality rate has so far been proven to be difficult to pinpoint, but most estimate land is about 1 percent.
By the new virus, we can also guarantee that today there are more than 80,000+ patients and more than 500+ deaths in Sri Lanka.
Worldwide, the number of sn-infected people worldwide exceeds 11 million and the number of deaths exceeds 2.5 million.
Structure of Covid – 19 Virus
Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a single, single-stranded RNA virus of the corona virus family. Corona viruses have structural similarities and consist of 16 non-structural proteins and 4 structural proteins: spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleoscopy (N). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SORS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus diseases ranging from mild to severe illnesses. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted from person to person primarily through respiratory droplets and can also be transmitted indirectly through contaminated surfaces 3-6. The virus enters host cells via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) recept or, which is abundant in the lungs.
The pre-registration assessment period for COVID-19 ranges from 2 to 14 days after exposure and in most cases approximately 4 - 5 days after exposure. The spectrum of symptomatic infections ranges from mild (fever, cough, fatigue, loss of smell and taste, shortness of breath) to critical. Most symptoms are not severe, and severe illness is more common in the elderly or those with medical comorbidity that requires intensive care. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major complication of patients with severe disease. Critical cases are characterized by, for example, respiratory failure, concussion, and / or inactivation or failure of the polyp.
Nuclear acid amplification technology (NAAT) can directly identify SARS-CoV-2 RNA for definitive COVID-19 diagnosis. Serological assays that detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 may help identify individuals who have been previously infected with the virus and estimate the extent of population exposure. It helps to determine the application, enforcement, or container step relaxation.
After infection with SARS-CoV-2, the host develops an immune response against the virus, including the production of specific antibodies against viral antigens. Both IgM and IgG were detected before day 5 after the onset of symptoms.
Moderate seroconversion was observed on days 10–13 for IgM and days 12–14 for IgG, with peak levels reported at 2–3 weeks for IgM, 3–6 weeks for IgG, and 2 weeks for total antibodies. Although IgM appears to disappear by 6 to 7 weeks, high IgG seropositivity is present. IgM is the major class of antibodies secreted into the bloodstream during the early stages of a primary antibody response, and IgM and IgG antibody levels and chronological sequence appear to be highly variable for SARS-CoV-2. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG often appear simultaneously, and in some cases, IgG appears before IgM, limiting its diagnostic utility.
After infection or vaccination, the antibody's ability to bind to antibodies increases over time - a process known as affinity maturation. High-antibody antibodies can be neutralized by detecting and binding to specific virus epitopes. In the event of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, targeting antibodies to both spike and nucleocapsid proteins, which are associated with a strong neutral response, are formed from day 9, suggesting that seroconversion may lead to protection for at least a limited period of time.
Types of Tests
There are two types of tests to detect this virus.
1. SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test
2. RT- PCR
1. SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test
Aid in identifying individuals infected by SARS-CoV-2
The SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test is a reliable, rapid chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of specific antigens of SARS-CoV-2 present in the human nasopharynx. This test can help detect antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in people suspected of having COVID-19.
Features and benefits of the SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test
In addition to laboratory PCR testing, antibody tests can also be performed as a rapid test in close proximity to the patient. SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing is a rapid chromosomal immunoassay that is intended to detect the specific antibody quality of SARS - CoV - 2 in nasopharyngeal or combined nasopharyngeal / oropharyngeal samples. The test is intended to detect antibodies to the SARS - CoV - 2 virus in people suspected of having COVID - 19. This product is strictly intended for professional use in laboratory and point of care environments. Similar to laboratory equipment, it detects the SARS-CoV-2 antigen, a nucleoprotein. Therefore, it can be used to assess whether a person is infected with SARS-CoV-2 by giving a quality antibody result showing the color bands indicating the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
SARS-CoV-2 antibody test provides faster decision making e.g. Whether or not to put patients on quarantine reduces the risk of further spread. In addition, it allows people to be tested after exposure to an infected person, such as SARS-CoV-2, or to health workers, such as exposure.
The SARS-CoV-2 antibody test allows for decentralized testing during care and helps expand the range and size of direct virus testing to areas that would otherwise be inaccessible. If laboratory tests are not sufficient, perhaps a faster treatment is the only viable option. In addition, the SARS-CoV-2 antibody test is an equipment-free test that allows testing in areas with a rural / low infrastructure.
The benefits of the SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test in short:
• Get a quick result in 15-30 minutes - no follow-up meeting is required to discuss the result.
• Easy handling that does not require specific training
• No equipment required
• Allow access to decentralized testing or testing in areas where there are no laboratory tests
The testing process for the SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test
1. Sample collection (nasopharyngeal spasm)
Insert an antiseptic into the patient's nostril and rotate it 3-4 times against the nasopharyngeal surface. Remove the spout from the nasal cavity.
When adding a combined NP / OP sample, be sure to follow the procedure described in the instructions for use.
2. Preparing a sample
Insert the spout into an extraction buffer tube. While squeezing the buffer tube, stir the spout more than 5 times. Remove the spub while squeezing both sides of the tube to extract the liquid from the spub. Press the nozzle cap firmly on the tube. Proceed with 3 Investigating.
3. Performing a test
Place the test device on a flat surface and apply 3 drops of extracted sample in a 90° angle to the specimen well of the test device. Read test results for 15 to 30 minutes.
Warning: Risk of false positives. Do not read test results after 30 minutes.
4. Interpreting results
A color line appears at the top of the result window to indicate that the test is working properly. This is the control line (c). It should be noted that even if the control line is faint, the test is performed properly. If no control line is visible, the test is invalid.
If it is a positive result, a color line will appear at the bottom of the result window. This is the test line (T). Although the test line is not very faint or uniform, the test result should be interpreted as a positive result.
Test kit HAVE;
• Test device (individually in a foil pouch with desiccant)
• Extraction buffer tube
• Nozzle cap
• Sterile swab
• Film (can be attached to the test device when performing outdoor testing)
• Instructions for use
• Quick Reference Guide
2. PCR TEST
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a process in which a small, well-defined part of DNA expands (transforms) hundreds of thousands of times. Test samples are treated with certain chemicals that allow DNA to be extracted. Reverse transcription translates RNA into DNA. Ultrasonic transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) first uses transcripts to obtain DNA, and then PCR creates enough to analyze that DNA for magnification. RT-PCR can detect SARS-CoV-2 containing the same RNA. . The RT-PCR process usually takes several hours. These tests are also known as molecular or genetic tests. Real-time PCR (qPCR) automation provides advantages, including higher quality put and more reliable equipment. It has become the preferred method.
Combined technology is described as real-time RT-PCR or quantitative RT-PCR, sometimes referred to as qtr.-PCR, RRT-PCR, or RT-qPCR, sometimes using RT-PCR or PCR. The term RT-qPCR suggests minimal information for publishing the Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiment (MIQE) guidelines, but not all authors adhere to this. The average sensitivity for rapid molecular testing was 95.2% and the average accuracy between sampling methods and sampling methods of different company brands was 98.9% .Sensitivity refers to the ability of a test to identify all infected individuals. Accuracy is the ability of a test to detect a specific virus.
In order to amplify a piece of DNA using PCR, the sample is first heated, so the DNA is either canceled, or split into a single narrow piece of DNA. Next, it synthesizes an enzyme called "tac polymerase" - which forms two new strands of DNA, using the original fiber as templates The result of this process is duplication of the original DNA, with each new molecule containing one old and one new DNA.Then each of these threads can be used to create two new copies, and so on. The cycle of cancellation and synthesis of new DNA is repeated 30 or 40 times, leaving more than a billion copies of the original DNA fragment.
PCR's complete cycling process is automated and can be completed in a matter of hours. It is driven by a machine called a thermal conductor. It is designed to change the temperature of the reaction every few minutes.
There are two different types of tests – diagnostic tests and antibody tests.
1. A diagnostic test can show if you have an active corona virus infection and steps should be taken to quarantine or isolate yourself from others. There are currently two types of diagnostic tests - molecular tests such as RT-PCR tests that identify the genetic material of the virus and antibody tests that identify specific proteins in the virus.
2. An antibody test looks for antibodies made by your immune system in response to a specific antibody-like threat. Antibodies help fight infections. Antibodies can take days or weeks to develop after an infection and may remain in your bloodstream for weeks or more after recovery. Therefore, antibody tests should not be used to detect COVID-19. What researchers do not know at the moment is that having antibodies means that we will be immune to COVID-19 in the future.
Covid – 19 Vaccines
Scientists have developed a number of different vaccines here to save our other people from this deadly virus. But the most effective of these vaccines and the most widely used in the world today are Moderna’s Vaccine, AstraZeneca Vaccine and Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine.
The vaccine has been continuously tested and clinical trials have confirmed that the vaccine is more effective. Vaccination is also being carried out in Sri Lanka. Below is a description of each vaccine. Where initially the vaccine contains its history and then its parts are A Piece of the Coronavirus, mRNA in an oily shell, Entering a Cell, Spotting the Intruder, Making Antibodies, Stopping the Virus, Killing Infected Cells and Remembering the Virus.
1. Moderna’s Vaccine
Modernna, a vaccine developer in Massachusetts, has developed and tested a corona virus vaccine called mRNA-1273 in partnership with national health agencies. A clinical trial revealed that the vaccine had an effective rate of 94.1 percent for the prevention of covid-19.
A Piece of the Coronavirus - SARS-CoV-2 virus is full of proteins that are used to enter human cells. These so-called spike proteins pave the way for potential injections and treatmentsThis vaccine also has a spike protein activity.
mRNA in an oily shell- This vaccine always uses messenger RNA, the genetic material that reads the cells within us to make the right proteins. A molecule called mRNA, for short, is fragile and if injected directly into the body, it will be broken down by our natural enzymes. To protect against the vaccine, mRNA is wrapped in oily bubbles made of modern lipid nanoparticles. Because of their instability, mRNA molecules will break down quickly at room temperature. Modernna vaccine is required for refrigeration and should be stable at -4 ° F (–20 0C) for up to six months after shipping and storage.
Entering a Cell - After injection, the injected particles penetrate into the cells, dissolve into them and release mRNA. Cell molecules read its sequence and then use it to make spike proteins. As a result, the mRNA from the vaccine is eventually destroyed by the cell, leaving no trace of sustainability. Some spike proteins migrate to the surface of the spike and their tips are prominent. Injected cells break down some protein pieces. Furthermore, these protruding spikes and spike protein components are used to identify the immune system.
Spotting the Intruder - When an injected cell dies, the debris contains many spike proteins and protein components that can be taken to an immune cell called an antigenic cell. The cell has parts of spike proteins on its surface.When other cells, called helper T cells, identify these components, helper T cells may raise the alarm and help other immune cells to fight off the infection.
Making Antibodies - B cells, also known as immune cell types, are not randomly linked to the corona virus capsule on the surface of injected cells or to free-floating spike protein components. Some B cells are designed to lock in spike proteins. If these B cells are activated by helper T cells, they begin to multiply and inject antibodies targeting spike proteins.
Stopping the Virus - Antibodies can attach to the corona virus capsules, marking the destruction of the virus and preventing the infection from infecting the capsules with other cells.
Killing Infected Cells – Antigen-producing cells activate another type of immune cell, called the T cell. They can detect and destroy any corona virus infected cells that show spike protein fractions on their surface.
Remembering the Virus - With a modern vaccine of 28 days, it is sufficient for the immune system to fight the corona virus. But since this is a new vaccine, researchers have not confirmed how long it will protect us.
2. AstraZeneca Vaccine
The University of Oxford has partnered with a British-Swedish company, AstraZeneca, to develop and test a corona virus vaccine called ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Clinical trials have shown that the effectiveness of the vaccine is 82.4 percent when given in two doses at 12 weeks. Despite some uncertainty about the results of the trial, Britain approved the vaccine for emergency use in December, and India approved a version of the vaccine called Covishield on January 3.
A Piece of the Coronavirus - SARS-CoV-2 virus is full of proteins that are used to enter human cells. These so-called spike proteins induce potential injections and treatments. The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine is based on the genetic instructions of the virus for making spike proteins. But unlike the Pfizer-Biotech and Modernna vaccines, which store instructions in single-stranded RNA, the Oxford vaccine uses double-stranded DNA.
DNA Inside an Adenovirus - The researchers added the gene for the corona virus spike protein to another virus called adenovirus. Adenoviruses are common viruses that cause symptoms such as the common cold or flu. The Oxford-Astraocene team used an updated version of the chimpanzee adenovirus. It can enter cells but cannot mimic them.
AZD1222 comes out of decades of research on adenovirus-based vaccines. In July, the first was approved for general use - a vaccine for Ebola developed by Johnson & Johnson. Advanced clinical trials are underway for other diseases, including H.I.V. And Shika . The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine for Covid-19 is rougher than the MRNA vaccine obtained from Pfizer and Modernna. DNA is not as fragile as RNA, and it helps protect the genetic material inside the adenovirus' tight protein shell. As an antidote, the Oxford vaccine does not need to be frozen. The vaccine is expected to last at least 38 months in a 38–46 F (2–8) 0C) refrigerator.
Entering a Cell - After the vaccine is injected into a person's hand, the adenovirus enters the cells and taps onto the proteins on their surface. The cell swallows the virus in a bubble and swallows it. Once inside, the adenovirus escapes the bubble and travels to the nucleus, the cell where DNA is stored. The adenovirus pushes its DNA into the nucleus. The adenovirus is designed so that it cannot be copied, but the gene for the corona virus spike protein can be read by the cell and copied to a molecule called messenger RNA or mRNA.
Building Spike Proteins - As the mRNA leaves the nucleus, the cell molecule reads its sequence and begins to assemble spike proteins.
Some of the spike proteins produced by the cells migrate to its surface and their tips stand out. Injected cells break down some protein pieces. These protruding spikes and spike protein components can be detected by the immune system. Adenovirus stimulates the immune system by altering cell alarm systems. Sends alert signals to activate immune cells near the cell. Raising this warning, the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine makes the immune system more potent than the spike proteins.
Spotting the Intruder - When an injected cell dies, the debris contains spike proteins and protein fractions, which can be referred to as an antigenic cell.
The cell presents parts of spike proteins on its surface. When other cells, called helper T cells, identify these components, helper T cells may raise the alarm and help other immune cells to fight off the infection.
Making Antibodies - Other immune cells, called B cells, attach to the corona virus capsules on the surface of the injected cells or to free-floating spike protein fragments. Several B cells can be locked into spike proteins. If these B cells are activated by helper T cells, they begin to multiply and inject antibodies targeting spike proteins.
Stopping the Virus - Antibodies can attach to the corona virus capsules, marking the destruction of the virus and preventing the infection from infecting the capsules with other cells.
Killing Infected Cells - Antigen-producing cells activate another type of immune cell, called the T cell. They can detect and destroy any corona virus infected cells that show spike protein fractions on their surface.
Remembering the Virus - The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine requires four doses of four weeks to give priority to the immune system to fight the coronary virus. In clinical trials of the vaccine, researchers unknowingly gave some volunteers only half the dose. Surprisingly, the first-dose combination of only half was 90 percent effective in preventing Covid-19 in clinical trials. In stark contrast, combining two full-dose shots resulted in a 62 percent efficiency. The researchers hypothesized that the lower first dose did a better job of mimicking the infection experience and produced a stronger immune response when the second dose was given. Because the vaccine is so new, researchers do not know how long its safety will last. Within a few months after vaccination, the number of antibodies and leukocyte T cells will drop. But the immune system contains specialized cells called memory cells and memory T cells that can retain information about the coronary virus for years or decades.
3. Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine
The Bio-Entech, a German company, has partnered with Pfizer to develop a corona virus vaccine called BNT162B2, called Tosinamaran or Cormorant. A clinical trial revealed that the vaccine had an effective rate of 95 percent for covid-19 prevention.
A Piece of the Coronavirus - SARS-CoV-2 virus is full of proteins that are used to enter human cells. These so-called spike proteins induce potential injections and treatments. Like the modern vaccine, the Pfizer-Bioantech vaccine is based on the genetic instructions of the virus for making spike proteins.
mRNA Inside an Oily Shell - The vaccine uses messenger RNA, the genetic material that our cells read, to make proteins. A molecule called mRNA, for short, is fragile and if injected directly into the body, it will be broken down by our natural enzymes. To protect their vaccine, Pfizer and BioNtech wrapped the MRNAs in oily bubbles made from lipid nanoparticles. Because of their instability, mRNA molecules will break down quickly at room temperature. Pfizer builds special containers with dry ice, heat sensors and GPS trackers that can be transported to -94 ° F (–70 0C) to keep the vaccine viable.
Entering a Cell - After injection, the injected particles penetrate into the cells, dissolve into them and release mRNA. Cell molecules read its sequence and form spike proteins. The MRNA from the vaccine is eventually destroyed by the cell, leaving no permanent trace. Some spike proteins migrate to the surface of the spike and their tips are prominent. Injected cells break down some protein pieces. These protruding spikes and spike protein components can be detected by the immune system.
Spotting the Intruder - When an injected cell dies, the debris contains many spike proteins and protein components that can be taken to an immune cell called an antigenic cell. The cell presents parts of spike proteins on its surface. When other cells, called helper T cells, identify these components, helper T cells may raise the alarm and help other immune cells to fight off the infection.
Making Antibodies - Other immune cells, called B cells, attach to the corona virus capsules on the surface of the injected cells or to free-floating spike protein fragments. Several B cells can be locked into spike proteins. If these B cells are activated by helper T cells, they begin to multiply and inject antibodies targeting spike proteins.
Stopping the Virus - Antibodies can attach to the corona virus capsules, marking the destruction of the virus and preventing the infection from infecting the capsules with other cells.
Killing Infected Cells - Antigen-producing cells activate another type of immune cell, called the T cell. They can detect and destroy any corona virus infected cells that show spike protein fractions on their surface.
Remembering the Virus - The Pfizer-Bioentech vaccine requires two injections, given a 21-day period, which is sufficient for the immune system to fight the corona virus. But because the vaccine is so new, researchers do not know how long its safety will last. Within months of vaccination, the number of antibodies and leukocyte T cells will drop. But the immune system contains specialized cells called memory cells and memory T cells, which can retain information about the coronary virus for years or decades.
References
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